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Acute angle: angle less than ninety degrees
Adjacent side: the side next to the reference angle that is not the hypotenuse
Affected variable: dependent variable
Affecting variable: independent variable
Algebra("bind together): a branch of mathematics which describes basic arithmetic relations using variables (letters). The terms are the "words" of an algebraic expression or equation.
Algebraic equation: an equation containing a variable. Example:
3x + 4 = 7
2a = 6 is an algebraic equation.
Algebraic expression: a combination of numerals, variables, and/or other mathematical symbols. Examples:
3a + 2
2x + 37y + 7
Alternate angles: nonadjacent angles between parallel lines formed by a transversal cutting across two or more parallel lines
Angle: formed from two rays beginning at a common endpoint. There are 3 types of angles:
Angle of depression: the angle formed between the horizon line and the line of sight to the object, which is below the observer's eye
Angle of elevation: the angle formed between the horizontal plane and the line of sight to the object, which is above the observer's eye
Angle of rotation: the number of degrees (usually 90°, 180°, or 270°) through which a figure is turned either clockwise or counterclockwise about a point called the turn centre
Apothem: (of a regular polygon): the length of a perpendicular segment from the centre of the polygon to a side
Area: the amount of surface on the inside of a closed figure
Ascending order: in order from smallest to largest
Average: the sum of the values, divided by the number of values
Axis - a line drawn through the center of a figure
Bar graph: a graph using parallel bars (vertical or horizontal) which are proportional lengths to represent data
Base (of a power): the factor being multiplied by itself
Bias - an unwanted influence on a a sample that prevents the sample from being truly representative of the population from which it is drawn.
Biased sample: sample is not representative of the population from which it is taken because the method used to collect the data contains unwanted influence(s)
Binomial("two terms"): a polynomial with two terms. Examples:
| x2 + 3, 3y3 - 2x |
  = 3x - 2 |
Bivariate: a statistics investigation with two variables
Bivariate data: data that involves a relationship between two measures
Census: all items or individuals of the population are used to collect data
Central tendency: point within the range about which the rest of the data is considered balanced
Centre of rotation: fixed point that a turn image moves around
Chance: a probability expressed as a percent
Circle chart: pie chart
Circumference: the distance around a circle
Clearing the denominator: multiplying both sides of an equation by the lowest common multiple of the denominators to get the equation in a form where it has no fractions
Clockwise: turning in the same direction as clock hands
Cluster: a number of similar items (points) grouped closely together on a graph
Cluster sampling: a particular segment of the population is sampled using existing lists (Constituencies, Wards, Households, ...)
Coefficient: a number multiplying a variable in a mathematical expression or equation
Common factor: a factor that is common to two or more numbers or terms
| 2 is a common factor of 6 and 12 | For numbers: a number that divides into two or more numbers without a remainder |
| 3x is a factor of: 18x4 - 6x3 + 12x2 |
For polynomial: a term that divides into all of the terms of the polynomial without a remainder |
Complimentary angles: angles whose sum is 90 degrees
Compound interest: interest earned or charged on an amount of money and added to the principal to earn or charge more interest in the following year
Cone: a 3-D object generated by rotating a right triangle about one of its legs
Congruent figures: figures that have the same size and shape
Constant("to stand firm"): an algebraic term that consists of a number by itself. A constant is a term with unchanging value. The degree of a constant term is 0. Examples:
-12, 5, -4x0, 15x0y0
Continuous (variable): have intervals that are unbroken sequences (e.g. growth of a plant). Continous variables can be represented by line graphs
Convenience sampling: an easily accessible group of people is chosen, and everyone in that group is surveyed
Coordinates: an ordered pair of the form (x, y) that locates a point on a coordinate plane
Correlation: the relationship, or lack there of, that exists between two variables
Corresponding: in similar relation to
Corresponding angles: angles with the same relative position in geometric figures
Corresponding sides: sides with the same relative position in geometric figures
Cosine: the ratio formed by dividing the length of the side adjacent to the reference angle by the length of the hypotenuse
Cross products: the products that result from cross multiplying
Counterclockwise: turning in the opposite direction as clock hands
Cubed: a number multiplied by itself three times
Cylinder: a 3-D object with two congruent circular bases and sides perpendicular to both bases
Data: factual information that is gathered and used for calculations, comparisons, and discussion
Degree of a monomial: the sum of the exponents of all of the variables in the term
4xy2 is of degree 3
Degree of a polynomial: the degree is determined by the term with the greatest power. If there is more than one variable in a term, add the exponents to get the degree.
3xy + 4x2y2 + 9x - 4 is of degree 4
Denominator: the bottom number in a proper or improper fraction
Dependent event: an outcome or event whose value or probability depends on another outcome or event
Dependent variable: dependent variable relies on the changes in the independent variable. The dependent variable is what we measure.
Descending order: in order from largest to smallest
Diameter: segment formed form two points on the circumference containing the centre of the circle
Difference: the number resulting from subtraction
Dilatation: a transformation that enlarges or reduces a figure without changing its shape
Dilatation centre: lines drawn through corresponding image vertices will meet at the dilatation centre
Digit: one of the ten symbols {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} by which all numbers can be written
Discreet: variable where measurements that are distinct, periodic, and unconnected between data points
Distributive property (x over +): a rule for expanding an expression within brackets by multiplying each term inside the brackets by the term outside the brackets
4(7 + 6 ) = (4 x 7) + (4 x 6)
3(n - 2) = 3n - 6
Dividend: the first number in a dividing question
Divisor: the second number in a dividing question
Elevation: drawing to scale of a 3-D object as seen from the side (front, rear, left or right)
Enlargement: a dilatation where the image is larger than the original object
Equation: a statement that shows two expressions having the same value
Equidistant: equally distant from
Equivalent: equal in value
Estimated probability - combination of facts and data
Evaluate: solve
Excluded angle: angle not included when angle-side-angle is used to prove two triangles are congruent
Excluded side: side not included when side-angle-side is used to prove two triangles are congruent
Expanded form: a form of a number written as the sum of the product of each digit and its place value
326 = (3 x 100) + (2 x 10) + (6 x 1)
326 = (3 x 102) + (2 x 101) + (6 x 100)
Expanding: removing the brackets and simplifying an expression
3(x2 + 2x - 3) = 3x2 + 6x - 9
Experimental probability - the numerical measure of what actually happens in an experiment; actual outcomes ÷ possible outcomes
Experimental results - data (obtained by a test/ survey)
Exponent (of a power): the number of times the base occurs as a factor
Exponential form: a form of a number written as a power
The exponential form of 81 is 34
Expression: collection of symbols for variables and operations
Exterior angle: an angle that is adjacent and supplementary to one of the angles of a triangle
Extrapolate: to use information on a graph to estimate values that go beyond the graph
Extreme values: the highest and lowest numbers in a set
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Factor: to write a number or polynomial as a product
8 = 2 x 2 x 2
4m2n = (4) (m) (m) (n)
Factored form: a form of a number written as a product of its factors
34 = 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
Factorial: the product of all the positive integers less than or equal to a particular number
4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24
favourable outcomes - number of desired choices
FOIL method: an acronym for a method of multiplying binomials - First terms, Outside terms, Inside terms, Last terms
Formula: a general rule that uses letters to represent various values
Fraction: part of a whole
frequency - the number of items in a particular category or the number of times an event occurs
Frequency diagram: a diagram used to record the number of times an event occurs
Gaps: spaces in the data set without a segment of the population
Greatest common factor (GCF): the largest factor that a group of numbers or terms has in common
| 6 is the GCF of 6 and 12 | For numbers: the greatest number that divides into two or more numbers without a remainder |
| x is the GCF of x2 + 2x |
For polynomial: the largest term that divides into all of the terms of the polynomial without a remainder |
| 6x2 is the GCF of: 18x4 - 6x3 + 12x2 |
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| 4xy is the GCF of 12x3y + 16x2y2 - 8xyz |
Guess and check: trial and error problems solving strategy
Height: the length of an altitude of a geometric figure
Historical results - calculation based upon past performance
Hypotenuse: the side directly across (opposite) the right angle in a right triangle; the longest side
Image: the resultant figure after performing a transformation on a figure
Improper fraction: a fraction with a denominator that is greater than the numerator. Examples: 7/5, 29/3
Included angle: angle included between two sides when side-angle-side is used to prove two triangles are congruent
Included side: side included between two angles when angle-side-angle is used to prove two triangles are congruent
Interior angle: angles inside a polygon
Independent event: an event whose outcome does not affect the occurrence of another event
Independent events: outcomes or events whose value or probability does not depend on another outcome or event
For example, the probability of tossing six heads in a row with a coin is an independent event.
Independent variable: an outcome or event whose value or probability does not depend on another outcome or event
Inequality: a mathematical statement that one expression is greater than or less than the other
Inequation: a number sentence showing that the left side and the right side are not equal
Inference - conclusion
Infinite: having no boundary or limit
Inspection: visual study
Isolating the variable: to write an equation so that the coefficient of the variable is 1
Integers: The set of numbers that consists of the whole numbers and their opposites. Integers also belong to the group of rational numbers and real numbers.
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The real numbers are represented by the entire table.
Interpolate: to read information directly from a graph
Irrational numbers: numbers that cannot be written as a fraction where the numerator and denominator are integers. Note: Since irrational numbers cannot be expressed as a fraction they form decimals that are neither repeating nor terminating.
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Least common multiple (LCM): the smallest multiple shared by the denominators
Leg: one of the two sides forming an angle
Like terms: mathematical expressions that contain the same variable(s) with the same degree for each variable.
| like terms | 2x, 3x, -6x |
| like terms | 6x4, 4x4, -3x4 |
| like terms | 3x2y3, 5x2y3, -2x2y3, |
| like terms | 7a2, 4a2, -3a2, and 1/2a2 are like terms. |
| not like terms | 5ab, 4a2b, abc, and 15ab2 are not like terms. |
Line of best fit: a line drawn through the points of a scatter plot that best estimates the relationship between the two variables
line of reflection: the line of symmetry between the object and its reflected image
Line of symmetry: a line that divides a figure into congruent parts that are reflection images of each other
Line graph: a graph that uses line segments to show how data change over a period of time
Linear equation: an equation of the form y = ax + b. The graph forms a straight line
Linear relationship: a polynomial function of degree one whose graph of is a straight line
Literal coefficient: a non-numerical factor (or factors) of an algebraic term
Locus: a set of points that satisfies a certain condition. Examples: circle, triangle, line, and rectangle
Locus of points: the set of all points that satisfy a given condition
Lower extreme: minimum data value
Lower quartile: separates the first 25% of the distribution from the remaining 75%
Logic: the study of the rules of reasoning
Mapping rule: directions for moving a figure to find its image
Indicates that the new x-coordinate is increased by 1 and the y-coordinate by 3.
Mathematical expression: a combination of numerals, variables, and other mathematical symbols
Mean: the sum of all the results included in the sample divided by the number of observations
Median: the middle value of all the numbers in the sample
Mirror line: a line about which a figure is reflected or flipped
Mixed Number: the sum of an integer and a proper fraction. Examples: 1 1/2, -3 2/5, 111 4/9
Mode: the most frequently observed value of the measurements in the sample. There can be more than one mode or no mode
Model: mathematical description used to solve a problem
Modelling: method of producing a mathematical description to help solve practical problems
Monomial("one term"): a polynomial with one term. Examples:
| -12, 15x0y0, 6x4, -x2, x |
| = 3x |
Natural Numbers: The set of numbers that consists of the counting numbers. Natural numbers also belong to the group of whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and real numbers.
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The real numbers are represented by the entire table.
Negative: one of the numbers ..., -3, -2, -1
Negative correlation: one set of data decreases as the other set of data increases
No correlation: the two data sets are not related
Non-linear relationship: graph does not form a straight line
Numerator: the top number in a proper or improper fraction
Numerical coefficient("number acting together"): the number attached (by multiplication) to the variable(s). You can multiply by 1 without changing the value, therefore the numerical coefficient of a variable term without a number is 1. examples:
6x4, -5x3, 4x2y, -1x2, 1x
Object: starting point of geometric shape (also called initial shape)
Objective probability - based exclusively on data. Anyone who does the calculation will get the same answer
Obtuse: English translation is "blunt"
Obtuse angle: angle greater than ninety degrees
Oppposite: for operations, the opposite operations are:
| addition | subtraction |
| multiplication | division |
| square | square root |
Opposite side: the side opposite the reference angle
Outlier: a point in a sample separated from the main body of the sample
Orientation: the direction the named points in an image change go (clockwise or counterclockwise)
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Parallel lines: lines in the same plane that never meet
Path: another name for locus
Percent: a ratio having 100 as its second term
Perfect Square: A number formed by a square root multiplied by itself.
Example: 5 x 5 = 25 25 is a natural perfect square.
Example1: 2.5 x 2.5 = 6.25 6.25 is a rational perfect square.
Example2: -3.1 x -3.1 = 9 .61 9.61 is a rational perfect square.
Perimeter: the distance around a closed figure
Period: the repeating part of a decimal fraction
Perspective: the different views of an object - top, bottom, side, front
Pie graph: circular chart, also called a circle graph, cut into sections by lines going through its center
Place Value: in the decimal number system ,the value of a digit depends on where it is placed in a string of digits
Plan: drawing to scale of a 3-D object as seen from above
Point: geometry element without size or area used to determine position
Polygon: closed figure formed by three or more line segments
Polynomial("many terms"): one term or a combination of terms added together
Population: all of the individuals or items about which information is collected
Positive: one of the numbers +1, +2, +3, ...
Positive correlation: both sets of data increase together
Possible outcomes - total number of choices
Power: a product of equal factors
34 is the fourth power of 3. 34 means 3 x 3 x 3 x 3
Principal Square Root: The positive number which, when multiplied by itself, gives the original number
The principal square root of 36 is 6.
Prism: a polyhedron with two congruent polygonal bases and parallelogram lateral faces
Product: the number resulting from multiplication
Property: a special quality of something
Probability - the likelihood that some event will happen, measured or estimated on a scale of 0 to 1. Zero probability means impossibility, a probability of 1 means certainty, a 0.5 probability is sometime called fifty-fifty chance or an even chance.
Proper fraction: a fraction that, while ignoring any negatives signs, has a smaller numerator than denominator
Proportional: when the ratio of corresponding values remains constant
Pyramid: a polyhedron with one base and a triangular lateral face for each side of the base
Pythagorean Theorem: a theorem in which the square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides
c2 = a2 + b2 
Radical sign: the symbol for square root and is written Ö
Radius: a line segment that joins the center of a circle and a point on the circumference
Random - occurring by chance
Range: upper extreme minus lower extreme
Rate: a comparison of quantities measured in different units
Rational Number: a number that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers (but the denominator cannot be zero)
Rational Numbers: The set of numbers that
consists of numbers that can be written as a fraction of the form 
, where a and b
are integers andb does not equal 0. Rational numbers also belong to the of
real numbers.
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The real numbers are represented by the entire table.
Real numbers: includes the rational and the irrational numbers.
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Reflection: a transformation that is represented by a flipping motion about a mirror line
Reflection line: another name for a mirror line
Region: a part of a plane
Relationship: the association between, or property of, two or more objects
Remainder: the amount left over when one number is divided by another
Repeating Decimal: All decimal numbers that have digits that repeat singly or in a block of two or more.
Representative sample: a sample that has the same characteristics as the whole population being studied
Revolution: complete turn
Right angle: a ninety degree angle
Right triangle: triangle with a ninety degree angle
Root: a number that, when substituted for the variable in the equation, makes the equation a true statement
Rotation: a transformation that is represented by a turning motion about a stationary point
Rotational symmetry: the ability of a figure to map onto itself after a partial turn about its centre
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Sample: a part of the population that is used to gather data about the whole
Scale - a sequence of marks, usually along a line, used in making measurements
Scale factor: the ratio of the lengths of the sides of the image to the lengths of the sides of the original figure
Scatterplot: a graph of a set of points representing the relationship between two sets of numbers or data
Scientific notation: a notation for writing very large and very small numbers as a product of a number (between 1 and 10) and a power of 10
32 000 000 000 000 = 3.2 x 1013
0.000 000 5.8 x 10-7
Sector - part of a circle bounded by two radii and an arc between them (looks like a piece of a pie)
Self-selective sample: population provides information by volunteering their opinions
Sextillion: a number written with 1 followed by 21 zeros (1021)
Side: border or face of an object
Similar: having the same shape, but not the same size
Similar figures: figures that have the same shape and congruent corresponding angles
Simple random sampling: the sample is chosen randomly from the population
Simplest form: a fraction written so the numerator and denominator have no common factors
Simplest terms: the numerater and denominator must have no common factor (other than 1)
Simplify: to make less complicated
Simulate - to copy or represent with a model
Sine: the ratio formed by dividing the length of the side opposite the reference angle by the length of the hypotenuse
Slope: upward or downward slant or degree of slant
Solution: set of values that result in a true statement when the variables in an equation are replaced
Solution set: the set of all numbers that satisfy an equation or inequality.
Solve: to find the value(s) that satisfy the equation
Square: a number multiplied once by itself
Square roots: Numbers which, when multiplied by themselves, give the original number:
4 and -4 are the square roots of 16, since
4 x 4 = (-4) x (-4) = 16
Straight angle: angle whose measure is 180 degrees
Standard form: the usual form of a number
7856 is in standard form.
Statistics - systematic collection and arrangement of large numbers of observations and quantities of numerical observations, and with ways of drawing useful conclusions from such data
Stratified random sampling: the population is divided into groups (strata) and the data is collected from the strata by simple random sampling
Step function: a function that jumps from one value to another without taking on any of the intermediate values
Strong correlation: when the data is clustered along an obvious line
Subjective judgement: using intuition or one's own perception to influence a decision
Subjective probability - based on knowledge, information, predictions, and experience. This explains why weather forecasts often differ from each other
Substitute: replace part of an expression with a number or other expression
Sum: the number resulting from addition
Supplementary angles: angles whose sum is 180 degrees
Surface area: the sum of the the areas of the faces of a 3-dimensional figure
Survey - to determine a a general view or description
Systematic sampling: every nth member of the population is sampled. The list being sampled may be ordered (alphabetical, seniority, street number, etc).
Table: an orderly arrangement of facts or figures in rows or columns
Tangent: the ratio formed by dividing the length of the side opposite the reference angle by the length of the side adjacent to the reference angle
Term: a mathematical expression containing the product of only numbers and/or algebraic symbols. Terms include numbers (numerical coefficients) and letters (variables) and are connected by addition or subtraction. Examples:
4a2b, 15n, -5mn
-12, 5, -4x0, 15x0y0
6x4, 5x3, 4x2y, -x2, x
If a term contains a variable:
the exponent of the variable must be a whole number.
the variable must be in the numerator.
Terminating Decimals: Decimal numbers that do not repeat except for a zero on the end.
0.5
1.8
237.164
Theoretical probability - the numerical measure of the likelihood that an event will happen; favourable outcomes ÷ possible outcomes
Three-dimensional: requires 3 coordinates to determine position in space
Transformation: the changing of a figure's shape, size, or position
Translation: a transformation that is represented by a sliding motion with no turns or other motions
Translation vector: an arrow that denotes distance and direction that an object is to be translated
Transversal: a line that intersects parallel lines
Tree diagram: a visual method of representing combinations of numbers
Trend: relationship between two sets of data
Trigonometry: the study of the relationships of angles and sides in right triangles
Trinomial("three terms"): a polynomial with three terms. Examples:
| 5x3 + 2xy - 4 |
 = 2x2
+ x - 1 |
Turn centre: the point about which a figure is rotated
Two-dimensional: takes two coordinates to find position of a point on a plane
Unbiased sample: ample is representative of the population from which it is taken
Upper extreme: maximum data value
Upper quartile: separates the first 75% of the distribution from the remaining 25%
Vanishing point: is the point at which, if two parallel lines, or walls were extended into the distance as far as you could see, would look like they meet
Variable("changes"): a letter or symbol used to represent or take the place of a number in a mathematical expression. The value of a variable term changes depending on the value of the variable.
Verify: check to see if a substitution of a number or expression makes a true statement for an equation
Vertex: the point of intersection for sides of a polygon or the faces of a solid
View: one of six different multiview projections. This course will focus on the top(plan), front(elevation), and side(left/right elevation) views.
Volume: amount of space occupied for a 3-D objects. The volume of a prism is product of the area of the base and the height.
Weak correlation: when the data is not clustered along an obvious line
Whole Numbers: The set of numbers that consists of the natural numbers and zero. Whole numbers also belong to the group of integers, rational numbers, and real numbers.
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The real numbers are represented by the entire table.
Zero principle: the principle that two opposites cancel one another or result in zero
Zone of visibility: a region in which an object can be seen from a specific position
Copyright
© 2002, the Crown in Right of Alberta
as represented by the Minister of Learning, Alberta Learning, 11160 Jasper Avenue,
Edmonton, Alberta T5K 0L2
